"glazing"

PROJECT OVERVIEWHaving a strong reputation for developing innovative design-led partitioning solutions, Norwood was given the challenge of creating an acoustically sealed teaching pod areas within the iconic Round House grade II listed building at Derby College. The project was commissioned in consultation with Bowmer & Kirkland and Maber Architects.OUR SCOPE OF WORKWe demonstrated our ability to introduce fully demountable and relocatable teaching pods into a grade II listed building, with the benefits of their obvious stunning visual and acoustic appeal. Whilst the solution emphasises the importance of using a design-led partition solution partner, our on-site manufacturing facilitates allowed delivery of finished materials direct to site, thereby minimising on-site disruption. Furthermore, the incorporation of electrical and mechanical equipment within the partition design was a significant to the overall project finish. We provided our Mediline solid and glazed partitions, PodSolve, doors and walk on ceilings.

Ascent Rooflight Covers were specified by Eurosafe Solutions as part of a Safe Access strategy to allow maintenance personnel to frequently access the roof areas to undertake Planned Preventative Maintenance (PPM) works at an office / warehousing premises in Orgreave, Sheffield. The Ascent Rooflight covers are a freestanding unit that sits above the potential fall hazard of the glazed rooflight. Formed from an angular aluminium framework with mesh infill the rooflight covers do not overly restrict light penetrating the rooflight. The Rooflight covers are supported on small spreader plates which provide a non-penetrative support solution on the flat felt roof. The Ascent Rooflight covers are testing in accordance with ACR(M) 001:2014 Test for Non-fragility of Large Element Roofing Assemblies (fifth element) and manufactured following 1090 factory production control procedures allowing CE/UKCA marking as required with all Safety critical components as per the Construction Product regulations 2022  

The interior fit-out of the POST Headquarters is the largest contract to date for the Lindner Group in Luxembourg.Lindner installed the FLOOR and more®, FLOOR and more® comfort and NORTEC hollow and raised floor systems with modern carpeting. The glass partitions Lindner Life Freeze 137, Lindner Life Pure 620 and Lindner Life Stereo 125 as fire protection glazing in EI60 provide an elegant separation of the offices. The wooden partition wall Lindner Logic Timber with long-lasting varnish, on the other hand, acts as an antagonist to the transparent glass elements.Perfectly matched to the partition walls, the associated doors were also made of wood or glass.Completed WorksPartitionsPartition Systems GlassLindner Life Freeze 137Lindner Life Pure 620Partition Systems Full PanelLindner Logic 100 TimberCalcium sulphate panelsFLOOR and moreFLOOR and more comfortNORTEC

A bespoke side sliding sectional garage door by Rundum Meir provides a blend of aesthetics and modern functionality in a Victorian house renovation project. The 19 ft x 12 ft garage has been transformed into a quality working space equipped and finished exquisitely, allowing for use as a utility area or office as well as a vehicular. A clear 2900mm span is provided by a sliding sectional garage door. Hand crafted using knot-free Spruce, this bespoke timber door in RAL 6021 Pale Green is fully automated with insulation between the five solid double skinned timber panels.With one third obscure glazing, the door allows for plenty of natural light to enter the garage. The design of the garage door panels and the cross styles in the window were the customer’s wish to satisfy the local conservation area requirements. It is the perfect example of the role a Rundum Meir garage door can play in transforming a garage to give it new purpose and flexibility.

Case Study: Heritage Sash Windows Installation in a Listed BuildingIntroductionWelcome to the case study showcasing the installation of heritage sash windows in a listed building. In this study, we explore the significance of preserving the distinctive appearance of historic structures while simultaneously achieving modern performance standards through the use of heritage sash windows. This case study highlights the challenges faced in finding the perfect balance between tradition and functionality, and how the installation of heritage sash windows proved to be the ideal solution. Join us as we delve into the successful integration of heritage aesthetics and contemporary performance in this remarkable project.The Project: Updating a Historic Private SchoolAt the heart of this case study lies a compelling project that took place at a historic private school near Derby. As architects and specifiers, you understand the unique challenges that come with renovating listed buildings while preserving their distinct character. In this particular undertaking, the goal was to update the school's windows while seamlessly blending traditional aesthetics with modern functionality.One of the critical aspects that architects and specifiers face when working on heritage projects is finding windows that honour the building's historical significance while meeting contemporary performance requirements. It is a delicate balancing act that requires meticulous attention to detail and careful selection of materials.In this context, the Gowercroft Heritage sash window range emerged as the ideal solution for this project. Designed with a deep understanding of heritage architecture, these windows offer a perfect fusion of traditional charm and cutting-edge performance. They have been crafted to match the aesthetics of historical buildings while incorporating modern features that enhance energy efficiency, thermal insulation, and acoustic performance.Architects and specifiers involved in heritage projects are constantly seeking solutions that seamlessly integrate traditional elements with advanced technologies. The selection of Gowercroft's Heritage sash window range for this project demonstrates how these windows can meet and exceed their expectations. By providing a harmonious blend of heritage design and contemporary functionality, these windows offer a compelling proposition for architects and specifiers seeking to enhance the value and performance of historic buildings.Throughout this case study, we will delve into the intricacies of the project, explore the challenges faced, and highlight the successful integration of Gowercroft's Heritage sash window range. Join us as we uncover the remarkable transformation of this historic private school, offering insights and inspiration for architects and specifiers engaged in similar endeavours.Meeting the Requirements: Gowercroft's Heritage Sash WindowsAs architects and specifiers, you understand the importance of selecting the right windows that meet the specific needs of heritage projects. Gowercroft's Heritage sash window range stands out as an exceptional choice in striking the perfect balance between preserving traditional aesthetics and delivering enhanced performance. Let's delve into the features and benefits that make these windows an ideal solution for heritage projects.1. Exquisite Design and Craftsmanship:Gowercroft's Heritage sash windows are meticulously crafted, paying homage to the architectural styles and detailing of historical periods. From ornate Georgian designs to elegant Victorian styles, these windows seamlessly integrate with the existing character of heritage buildings. Architects and specifiers can be assured of windows that exude authenticity and showcase exceptional craftsmanship.2. Superior Materials and Durability:To ensure longevity and resilience, Gowercroft utilises premium-grade materials in their Heritage sash window range. The windows are constructed from high-quality Accoya®, selected for its strength, stability, and natural beauty. This not only enhances the aesthetic appeal but also guarantees durability and longevity, vital considerations when working with historic structures.3. Enhanced Performance Features:While honouring tradition, Gowercroft's Heritage sash windows also incorporate modern performance enhancements. These windows offer improved thermal insulation, effectively reducing energy consumption and creating a comfortable indoor environment. Furthermore, they excel in soundproofing, ensuring peace and tranquillity within the building despite its external surroundings.4. Customisable Options:Recognising the diverse requirements of heritage projects, Gowercroft provides architects and specifiers with a range of customisable options. From timber selection to glazing choices, hardware finishes, and architectural detailing, these windows can be tailored to meet the unique specifications and design vision of each project.5. Preservation and Conservation:Gowercroft's Heritage sash windows are designed with the utmost consideration for the preservation and conservation of historical buildings. By seamlessly blending traditional aesthetics with modern technology, these windows allow architects and specifiers to honour the past while embracing sustainable practices for the future.In summary, Gowercroft's Heritage sash window range offers architects and specifiers a compelling solution for heritage projects. These windows combine exquisite design, superior craftsmanship, enhanced performance features, and customization options, all while preserving the architectural integrity of historical buildings. By choosing Gowercroft's Heritage sash windows, architects and specifiers can confidently create spaces that celebrate the past while meeting the demands of contemporary living.Overcoming Challenges: Window Profile in Ancient BuildingsWhen it comes to fitting new windows in ancient buildings, architects and specifiers face unique challenges that demand careful consideration. Preserving the architectural integrity and historical significance of these structures while upgrading their performance requires a delicate balance. Let's explore the challenges faced and the importance of finding a suitable solution that respects the building's style and heritage.1. Unsuitability of uPVC Double Glazing: One common approach is to consider uPVC double glazing as an alternative. While uPVC can be made to resemble timber, attempting to replicate the appearance of traditional windows is often unrealistic and unsatisfactory. The use of uPVC frames can compromise the authenticity and character of these structures, detracting from their historical charm. Architects and specifiers are thus faced with the challenge of finding window solutions that maintain the visual harmony and historical authenticity of the building.2. Thickness Issue with Traditional Timber Windows: Another challenge arises with traditional timber windows, particularly in listed buildings where the original windows would have been single glazed. Standard double glazing units are often too thick to meet planning permission requirements for such buildings. This presents a hurdle when seeking to improve energy efficiency, insulation, and acoustic performance. However, the development of heritage windows with an 8mm thin profile of vacuum glass has provided a solution. These windows eliminate the double reflection issues associated with standard double glazing, allowing them to pass planning permission while maintaining the appearance of original single-glazed windows.Respecting the style and heritage of ancient buildings is paramount in any renovation or restoration project. It is crucial to find a solution that seamlessly integrates with the building's architectural features, materials, and design aesthetics. In the next section, we will explore how Gowercroft's Heritage sash window range addresses these challenges by offering a seamless integration of heritage aesthetics and contemporary functionality while meeting planning permission requirements for listed buildings.The Setting: Repton School's Historic SignificanceRepton School, located near Derbyshire, holds a rich historical significance that dates back centuries. Established in 1557, the school is situated on the grounds and buildings of a 12th-century Augustinian Priory, adding to its unique charm and heritage. While the original church on the premises was destroyed in 1553, fragments of its existence can still be found amidst the structures that have withstood the test of time. Most of the school's current architectural composition is from later periods, with careful additions made in keeping with the original buildings.Efforts have been meticulously made to preserve the traditional and grand atmosphere that defines Repton School. Even modern additions, such as the Science Priory constructed in 2013, harmoniously blend with the existing structures, maintaining the overall historical integrity. The cohesive effect of the school's design creates a captivating ambience that is both traditional and grand, captivating visitors and inspiring awe.The historical importance of Repton School extends beyond its architectural splendour. Exciting archaeological discoveries have emerged during recent digs, revealing traces of Roman occupation, adding yet another layer of historical significance to the site. These findings provide valuable insights into the region's past and deepen the appreciation for the school's surroundings.Repton School has also nurtured and educated numerous notable individuals throughout its illustrious history. Among its alumni are legendary Olympian Harold Abrahams and renowned writers Christopher Isherwood, Edward Upton, and Roald Dahl. In more recent times, distinguished figures in the world of entertainment, including Top Gear and The Grand Tour producer Andy Wilman and present

The new £65 million, Science, Engineering and Environmental Building (SEE Building) at the University of Salford was designed under the concept of incorporating high sustainability credentials. This supports the university’s pledge in reducing the environmental impact, as part of the wider Salford Crescent and University District masterplan. The SEE building promotes innovation, environmental protection and excellent educational opportunities and offers students state-of-the-art facilities with the aid of the LAMILUX Glass Roof PR60. A stunning skylight measuring an incredible 44 metres long and 9 metres wide, as well as three other Glass Roofs PR60, were installed onto the roof of the four-storey building, illuminating the lecture halls and common areas. This results in enhancing the natural daylight, whilst also allowing for natural ventilation, creating an inspiring environment for learning and development. To avoid overheating and glare inside the building, special 60/30 high performing solar glazing was used. This innovative technology ensures a comfortable indoor climate whilst providing an optimal learning environment.LAMILUX worked with the architect from the early planning stage of the project to design, supply, and install the four rooflights. “Just-on-time” deliveries were planned to enable offloading of the materials, with a crane, from the vehicle to the roof, to minimise loading out as space on site was very limited. Integrated ventilation panels were installed within the three smaller PR60 Glass Rooflights to provide the ideal solution to provide natural ventilation into the building alongside natural daylight.The largest rooflight was glazed with an impressive total of 120 fixed glass panels to make up the impressive 44 metre length and complete the installation. The glass panels were specified with Class 1 Fragility, suitable for walking on for cleaning and maintenance loads, according to CWCT TN 66 /TN 67 & TN92. Before the final handover of the project, extensive water tightness testing was carried out. On site CWCT hose tests were passed successfully, as testament to the quality and durability of the installation led by the LAMILUX installation team. The University of Salford is passionate about sustainability. LAMILUX are proud to be involved with a building project that not only contributes to the progressiveness and commitment to sustainable architecture, but is also considered a BREEAM Excellent-rated facility.

OverviewThe BP2 office building was constructed on reclaimed land at the eastern gateway to the Canary Wharf estate and comprises 14 stories above ground, plus three basement levels. The building’s design places a strong emphasis on energy-efficient performance, so this was an important criterion in the selection of ventilators.OverviewThe BP2 office building was constructed on reclaimed land at the eastern gateway to the Canary Wharf estate and comprises 14 stories above ground, plus three basement levels. The building’s design places strong emphasis on energy efficient performance, so this was an important criterion in the selection of ventilators.Project BackgroundAir Design Systems Ltd provided a full design and build package for the client. This included installation of local control panels and electrical wiring, as well as micro-switches to allow a positive signal that each ventilator is fully open prior to the pressurisation system starting up. Air Design Systems Ltd also supplied and installed numerous continuous louvres to the plant wells that rise through the building and terminate at roof level.Project SolutionPowrmatic supplied a large office building ventilation solution with a combination of single and double flap Skyvent ventilators to provide natural and smoke ventilation at the BP2 building in Canary Wharf, East London. Each of the 13 BS-EN 12101 ventilators was installed by Air Design Systems Ltdonto existing upstands with insulated lids and bodies and polyester powdered coated to RAL 9007 matt.Project ResultSkyvent ventilators are designed for both smoke and natural ventilation and are available in single and twin flap versions to suit the needs of each project. They can be installed on upstands, roof sheeting and into glazing systems. They feature very low air leakage when closed, and are weatherproof when closed, as tested to BS Parts 1 & 2. Insulated options can achieve U-values as low as 0.17W/m2/K.Skyvent ventilators are available with optional aluminium (single skin and insulated), polycarbonate or glazed lids in polyester powder paint finishes to any standard BS or RAL colour. A full range of accessories is available including bird guards, security guards and insect mesh.

44 sash windows renovated at Greenwich flatsKEY FEATURES: COMMERCIAL, DOMESTIC, SASH WINDOWS, LARGE DEVELOPMENT, RENOVATION, VENTROLLA PERIMETER SEALING SYSTEM (VPSS), VICTORIAN.Ventrolla, the sash window renovation specialist, has successfully completed an £80,000 project on 44 residential flats in Greenwich.Ventrolla renovated 44 sash windows over a three month period in order to correct a number of problems with energy retention and ambient noise.The flats were originally part of a Victorian school which was converted 10 years ago. The sash windows, however, were not renovated at the time.Now Ventrolla has refurbished all sash windows at the premises with many of the sash units being totally removed and repaired.Soundproofing was a key factor in the project with residents keen to see the issue of noisy sash windows finally resolved.Ventrolla installed its unique Perimeter Sealing System (VPSS) into the gap surrounding the window sashes, which then eradicates rattles and also reduces draughts and dirt ingress. Martin Northey, Project Surveyor at Collinstown Construction, which oversaw the scheme, said:“This particular project needed to be handled with the utmost of care as the residents were still occupying their homes while work took place.”“To keep things running as smoothly as possible, all communication went through liaison officers who booked appointments with the 44 residents for Ventrolla to work on their sash windows.”“We are extremely pleased with the improvements Ventrolla’s sealing system has made to the performance of the sash windows in the flats. The project ran without any hitches and all of the residents were thoroughly impressed with the final results.”With over 30 years experience, Ventrolla offers a tailored range of period window solutions. Their unique service includes draught-proofing with the Ventrolla Perimeter Sealing System (VPSS) and fitting replacement double-glazed sashes that incorporate the patented Sash Removal System (SRS) for easy painting and future maintenance.They offer complete new timber windows, secondary glazing solutions and a wide range of window hardware. The company has its head office in Harrogate, North Yorkshire and regional offices located throughout the UK and Ireland.

Following in the footsteps of a string of successful installations at the Northern General Hospital, Sheffield, Yeoman Shield products were again chosen as part of the refurbishment of the hospital’s Firth C & D floor corridors.With the need to refresh the interior walls and doors, as well as future proof them from further damage and marking, a variety of products from Yeoman Shield’s range were employed.Corridor doors, which are on the frontline when it comes to impact damage, were fitted out with Yeoman Shield Door Edge Protectors and PVCu clad glazing beads, both in a graphite colour. Contrasting Mid Grey Door Protection Panels were installed to both sides of the doors with vulnerable architrave and framework also protected by Yeoman Shield products.This comprehensive, fire rated, door protection system will extend the life cycle of expensive fire doors helping to keep them in good working order.Yeoman Shield Guardian Handrails in the same colour scheme were fitted along the hospital passageways. Bespoke metal brackets were manufactured by Yeoman Shield to implement the spanning of the rail over pillars though out a glazed corridor.Beneath the handrail 2mm thick FalmouthEx Wall Protection Panels were fixed to offer low level protection. A cream colour was chosen for the panels accompanied by Mid Grey Corner Protection Angles to keep a light and airy feel to the scheme.Pete Trenchard, who specified and project managed the scheme on behalf of Sheffield Teaching Hospitals added “When carrying out improvements and refurbishment of the corridors, in line with the STH standard colour scheme and standard fit out, I was keen to incorporate the Yeoman Shield range of products to achieve a long-term solution.“The specification of Yeoman Shield products on corridor walls, vulnerable corners, doors, frames & architraves, protects the fabric of the corridors without detracting from the visible aesthetic appearance expected of a hospital environment.“I worked closely with the Yeoman Shield team through the design and specification phase, drawing on their expertise to find a cost-effective fit for purpose solution. The site survey and installation offered a start to finish package which has been contributory to the successful and well received outcome of the project”.

Lomax + Wood have supplied high performance made-to-order timber box sash windows and doors for this stunning country home in the county of Berks. Based on the classic Georgian window proportions this new build property shows a full range of Lomax + Wood products, all suited to provide elegant and pleasing sightlines and proportions.In total 39 high performance made-to-order timber sash windows and doors.26 Traditional timber box sash windows with slim 18mm double glazed units.Made-to-order entrance door, with insulated panels incorporating steel inserts for security.3 French door sets hung only for surface fitted espagnolette locking.6 Dormer casement windows with horizontal glazing bars.Supplied using engineered timber with under the Lomax + Wood FSC® Chain of CustodySet within a country landscape this substantial country house has incorporated a number of period features to create a traditional country style. Lomax + Wood worked closely with the clients to ensure their vision was upheld and that the high performance timber windows and doors produced the correct proportions throughout the property.From matching the paint colour to sourcing the desired ironmongery and finishes Lomax + Wood’s made-to-order service ensured the clients requirements were listened to and acted upon.A primary concern of the architect and client was to ensure the timer was truly from a sustainable source. Lomax + Wood are committed to sourcing from sustainable sources, to this end we have worked hard to achieve FSC® Chain of Custody which is deemed by many to be an environmental gold standard. This work was undertaken in partnership with BM TRADA who are also deemed to be a mark of quality in our industry. Too many companies in the industry are passing off their product as from a sustainable source without ensuring it is through industry certification.Lomax + Wood products have also been independently tested to ensure the building regulations are met including Part Q, this involved a full range of intruder testing by Exova BM Trada.All Lomax + Wood products are made-to-order and whether you require a traditional style or more contemporary the product options are available to meet your requirements.

The Londoner is the world's first super boutique hotel offering a collection of spaces, tastes and experiences brought to life across 16 elegant storeys. Delivering flexible space to cater for a myriad of impressive events, Style installed a six metre high Skyfold vertical-rising moveable wall in the main ballroom, as well as a combination of Dorma Hüppe Variflex sliding walls and smaller Skyfold systems throughout the numerous event areas. This focus on adaptable space, combined with Style’s expertise in delivering partitioning walls with impeccable acoustic performance, gives the hotel multiple options for opening out or dividing the available areas and maximising room hire revenue.Bringing an exciting new buzz to the south-west corner of Leicester Square, The Londoner boasts one of the world’s deepest habitable basements with six subterranean levels housing two cinemas, an expansive ballroom, as well as a swimming pool and spa facility. Above ground are 350 five-star rooms, workspace and meeting areas, restaurants and bars.UK partitioning specialists Style, worked closely with architect Woods Bagot, interior designer Yabu Pushelberg, and contractors Blue Sky Building & EE Smith Contracts, to deliver flexible event space throughout the hotel.The main ballroom is undoubtedly The Londoner’s centrepiece - an eye-catching statement of contemporary design for up to 850 guests. Allowing two events to run concurrently, the cavernous room is divided by a fully automatic Skyfold moveable wall. Discreetly housed in the ceiling cavity, the wall descends effortlessly into place at the push of a button and, with an incredible 59dB Rw acoustic rating, lively gatherings can take place either side of the wall undisturbed.In the hotel’s meeting rooms, Style installed semi-automatic Dorma Huppe Variflex double-glazed moveable walls with 52dB Rw acoustic ratings and fully glazed pass doors. For completed adaptability, the meeting areas are then additionally sub-divided using smaller Skyfold vertical-rising walls.“This is a spectacular installation,” said Style’s group managing director, Julian Sargent. “The main Skyfold is finished in a real oak wood veneer whilst the glass moveable walls feature chic black painted frames with reeded glass for enhanced privacy.

Sector: Built-to-rent accommodation (mix of affordable and commercial rental)Client: Populo LivingArchitect: dRMMMain contractor: Bugler Developments Specified for:Good cost / quality ratioSustainable window frame constructionFaçade-specific performanceExcellent design supportThe Didsbury, in London’s East Ham, is a high quality ‘Built-to-Rent’ development offering an equal mix of affordable and market rent apartments. Designed by Stirling Prize-winning architects dRMM for Newham’s housing company Populo Living, and built by main contractor Bugler, The Didsbury comprises 148 apartments in two six-storey new-build blocks which sit south of the former East Ham Town Hall Annexe, which is being refurbished. Smart interior design is matched by a highly distinctive exterior featuring brick and gold clad facades. VELFAC 200 windows, patio doors and entrance doors are installed in every apartment to provide both a quality finish and impressive low energy and low maintenance performance. Windows, doors and Juliette balconiesEvery apartment features a combination of VELFAC windows and patio doors (leading to a balcony or terrace) and inward opening, tilt/turn VELFAC IN glazed doors. These are used to create Juliette balconies, with balcony fittings integrated within the VELFAC frame to simplify subsequent railing installation. As every apartment features a range of interior materials, inner VELFAC timber frames are painted white to create a neutral and low maintenance finish ideal for rented apartments. External aluminium frames are finished in a dark grey polyester-powder coating to complement to both the brick walls and gold cladding. VELFAC also supplied head pressings to match the window sills, thereby ensuring a neat and consistent finish at both top and bottom. Our ‘go to’ composite glazing brandHaving successfully used VELFAC products on earlier projects dRMM was happy to specify the system for The Didsbury: ‘VELFAC has become our ‘go to’ brand when specifying composite glazing,’ says Findlay McFarlane, Architect at dRMM. ‘The system offers a good cost to quality ratio, and the frame design results in low embodied carbon, primarily due to the percentage of recycled aluminium used. This was important for Populo Living’s sustainability targets, and for dRMM as we champion climate-conscious architecture and the use of natural wood, which again is a feature of the VELFAC frame.’ Main contractor Bugler Developments was also happy with the specification: ‘We knew from the outset that we would be using the VELFAC system, and as we had used it before we knew it would meet our client’s requirements,’ comments Thomas Bugler, Head of Marketing. First discussed in 2015, The Didsbury has been a long and complex build. VELFAC, however, is one of the few suppliers to remain with the project from start to finish, thanks to the quality of the system and the expertise provided at every stage build. ‘We liaised with VELFAC right from the start of the project, through the detailed design stage, procurement and eventually to installation on site, with amendments and updates included along the way when necessary,’ says Thomas. ‘The project’s sustainability and affordability targets became more challenging due to this long planning phase,’ adds Findlay, ‘but the VELFAC system continued to meet the specification as it evolved.’ Technical support above and beyondWhile The Didsbury’s minimalist exterior may look sleek and simple, specification was in fact very complex, comments Findlay, and required expert input from the VELFAC team: ‘The stepped façade and variety of façade-specific performance targets meant that not all floors had an identical specification,’ he explains. ‘In addition, while VELFAC double glazing met all low energy targets, we needed to fit acoustic trickle vents into road-facing windows and ensure lower floors and balconies had windows with Secured by Design accreditation.’ Issues regarding weathering within the gold cladding also needed attention, comments Thomas: ‘This required some on site consultation with the VELFAC team, and updated detailing to ensure the end result was compliant and of the right quality - we are very pleased with the finish, and the windows and doors work well within the overall development.’ In fact, VELFAC support made a significant contribution to the success of the whole project says Findlay: ‘We worked closely with VELFAC on detailed drawings for the windows and doors, and were impressed with the level of support provided – more than that typically provided by a supplier, and another reason why we like to use the VELFAC system when we can. The thoroughness of the detailing meant there were fewer surprises when it came to installation, helping us keep on schedule during the final build and installation phase.’

The Project That Harnessed Evolve ZeroThis residential project used Evolve Zero blinds to replace existing blind systems for a set of bifold doors.Evolve Zero blinds are one of the most high quality solutions on the market when it comes to covering large windows or doors.They are a solution unique to Umbra, being equipped with an anti-bending technology which allows the Evolve Zero to cover spaces monumentally larger than previously possible.Problems regular blinds face when covering large areas:The blind fabric sagging inwards.The roller mechanism becoming too large.The top mechanism bends out of shape with the weight of the blind.Benefits of the new anti-bending technology:Blinds can cover up to 5 meters horizontally.Mechanisms are more compact.There is less light leak than using two blinds to cover the same area.This project shows that Evolve Zero blinds are the perfect solution when covering large areas of glazing.

Recently completed is the refurbishment of a substantial mixed-use building in the plush Fitzrovia/Marylebone area of central London.Crittall Windows made a significant contribution to both the aesthetic and sustainability of the seven-storey Devonshire House that commands the corner of Devonshire and Great Portland Streets. The refurbishment, designed by architects Robson Warren, upgraded the building’s green credentials by the installation of T60 thermally broken steel windows.The high-performance steel fenestration comfortably surpasses the requirements of current legislation while satisfying the designer’s desire to maintain heritage characteristics.The area around Great Portland Street was developed in the 18th century with fine Georgian houses and, although these were replaced in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the newer office blocks that took their place often sought to retain the period features.The black powder-coated T60 windows in Devonshire House, provided in both inward and outward opening configurations, have been fitted with glazing bars to mimic the Georgian-style panes that were a prominent feature in the period façade of the building.

THE PROJECTAt The Safety Letterbox Company, we can manufacture a complete mailbox arrangement to house within the aluminium surrounds and replace a glazed screen. Panel boxes have a simple letterflap to the front face and house the mailboxes to the rear allowing the tenants ease of retrieving their mail and ensuring maximum security for the building.This arrangement complies with the Secured by Design Guidelines (Secured by Design Homes 2016 Guidelines) of eliminating the need for access into a building, even from the postman. It also is a neat solution to house the door entry system within the panel – keeping all relevant products in one area, adjacent to the door, in a neat and attractive solution.The comprehensive door entry and mailbox solution developed for the Canning Town project contained subtle mailboxes that blended in to the outside panel along with security options that granted access to the building to individuals with the correct code. The door entry system contains a video camera to identify who is outside of the building, a key fob scanning point and a room call function.

Pura® NFC by Trespa as connecting factor between two building volumesIn close cooperation with Guus Vedder (2•1 Architecten), architect Hendrik Jan van der Valk (Van der Valk Woudst ra) has designed a modern villa, consisting of two main volumes. The villa was for a private client and is located in a rural village in the Veluwe region. One volume is used as living/ dining room and kitchen, while the bedrooms, bathrooms, playroom and technical area are located in the other.The client had a number of explicit requirements for the design of the villa which is located on a large plot in a wooded area. In addition to various aesthetic aspects, the villa had to be sustainable and energy neutral. The facades, roofs and floors were therefore very well insulated and of airtight construction. All window frames have aluminium profiles with optimum insulation and have triple glazing. The whole house is equipped with domotics and all installations are powered by the solar panels that were fitted; there is therefore no need for a gas connection.

Blue-green roof solution on a London dwellingCHALLENGE8a Belmont Street comprises two unique semi-detached dwellings, which have been constructed in Chalk Farm, London by a private developer Maygrove Projects in collaboration with Martin Evans Architects. The total roof area covers only 55.03m² but features an unusual roof design; it is divided into five sections comprising two glazed roofs and three blue roof areas. For this warm roof construction, an alternative durable waterproofing was sought, suitable for blue roof application. SOLUTION Approved Roofing Contractor Gribben Solar Roofing provided an alternative blue roof solution to the original design proposed by the project architects, fully complying with their needs. Together with partner and single ply manufacturer RENOLIT they proposed a waterproofing solution for the blue roof in the form of a fully bonded RENOLIT ALKORPLAN L35A77 membrane, to be combined with the RENOLIT ALKORPLAN Green roof system. So, actually, a blue-green roof!

BackgroundThe Portal is a new £16 million Public Services Hub in Ellesmere Port, delivered by Vinci Construction for Cheshire West Council. The new facility is home to more than 500 council and public sector staff, a Job Centre Plus and a Citizen’s Advice Bureau. Based at the former town centre bus station site, a combination of bronze aluminium cladding and glazing were designed for the street facing elevation. EWI was selected for the shopping precinct elevations to create a striking design. K Systems specified a direct fix system with mineral wool insulation and a silicone render finish. A fantastic project to be involved with, which resulted in a new state-of-the-art, architecturally pleasing building.Our ServiceIn collaboration with Bretton Architectural and our approved installer M & M Façades, we designed a comprehensive specification. Working in close partnership with both parties, our experienced team were on-site when required, providing technical and installation support. This project was a catalyst for the wider Ellesmere regeneration master plan and a key project requirement for the Council was to reduce its energy and carbon footprint. The Direct Fix system we specified is a cost-efficient solution for steel frame structures, which generates exceptional insulation and with a silicone render finish provides high levels of fire rating (A2,s1-d0). An ideal solution for this commercial new build. Technical Project DetailsThe EWI needed to be line and level with the aluminium cladding, and to achieve this we specified K Systems M and selected 200mm mineral wool insulation boards. This system generates exceptional performance and provides high levels of fire resistance and non-combustibility.The building was constructed with many environmentally friendly elements, including solar panels, air source heat pump and electric vehicle charging points. The use of mineral wool insulation resulted in a low U-value of circa 0.12 W/m²K, providing minimal heating costs for the offices and carbon usage was reduced to a minimum standard, keeping in-line with the Council’s aim of improving the standard of their buildings. For the finish, a silicone render was specified. This durable, low maintenance finish offers an eye catching, clean design, creating a modern and contemporary aesthetic. Alongside the cladding and glazing elevation, the crisp render finish complemented the striking design and The Portal has transformed Ellesmere Port town centre.

Located on the north side of Wrexham town centre, the BREEAM excellent Yale Campus one of the largest projects undertaken by Coleg Cambria across its network of six campus sites, which has a base of 7,000 full time and 20,000 part time students.Maximising daylight and ventilation, the glazed façade spans 1,200 sqm across the building. Specified for proven performance and thermal insulation, TECHNAL curtain walling offers a fully capped, mullion-drained solution. With an aluminium substructure width of 52mm, it creates a slim sightline while also providing the necessary strength and inertia requirements.Contributing to higher credits for the critical Energy 01 part of BREEAM, which is concerned with the reduction of energy use and carbon emissions, TECHNAL A-rated Dualframe 75 Si windows offer exceptional energy efficiency. For the Yale campus, a U-value of 1.1W/m2K was achieved. As well as being inserted within the curtain walling, the windows have also been fitted in a vertical panel format to create a striking rectangular pattern within the gold cladding.

Hale Brown Architects were appointed to redesign 6 Middle Street with the brief to redevelop it into a modern office space that incorporates new sustainable design elements.Set within the narrow cobbled streets along the eastern boundary of the Smithfields Conservation Area this refurbishment included demolition of existing roof structure and replacing it with a feature glazed roof, creation of a mezzanine floor and installation of a cantilevered staircase. The concept was to open up the space to create free-flowing natural light throughout all floors, open up views, create natural ventilation and maximise ceiling heights while incorporating a timber slatted raft concealing service.3v provided a full ironmongery service for this project which including a mixture of brass and matt black products. Black products were used on timber doors and bespoke textured brass pad handles on black frame glass doors, the pad handles were chosen to compliment the detailing in the timber slatted ceiling raft and wall panelling. We think they work seamlessly together! Photography: Neil Kenyon

Spearheading an ambitious programme of regeneration, Canada Water Library resembles an inverted ‘ziggurat’ – a terraced pyramid of successively receding storeys – that partly overhangs the Canada Water basin.The £1.4m building sits at the edge of a civic plaza and a stretch of open water. The expanding pyramid form integrates a compact footprint at ground level with progressively wider floors above. The building is clad in light bronze anodised aluminium panels with sequined perforations, interspersed with recessed curtain wall screens. This design gives the project a sculptural appeal and a striking visual effect.Finished in bronze anodised aluminium, the structural sealant glazed facade and commercial doors were specified for the ground floor. A Visible Grid Facade has being used for the strips of curtain walling to the three upper floors, with top hung concealed vents and aluminiumdoors providing access to the balconies.The library forms part of the vibrant quayside at Canada Water - a historic Docklands that was once a bustling port. It was designed to exemplify the importance of the library, education and community facilities for local people and focus on the new phase of regeneration.

The new London Awards 2019 Retail category winner, is the only Arcade on Regent Street. The development has breathed new life into this Grade II listed building.Part of the transformation was designing a stunning and inviting tiled floor space, which replaced the previous Regent Street column. InOpera Group closely collaborated with the architect BARR GAZETAS to create a beautiful terrazzo tile floor that complemented the aesthetics of the new entrance.The redesigned arcade features two floors of retail and an internal floor area of 3650 sq m. To maximise the 90-year-old building’s retail potential a large column situated centrally at the arcade’s entrance was removed, and replaced with elegant curved glazing and beautiful captivating flooring leading into the arcade.The intricately designed flooring that pays homage to M.C. Escher’s box artwork design. It consists of four cement-based Architectural terrazzo tiles: Ecru, Ghiaccio, Grafite, to form the ‘box’ design and Carbone to trim the edge of the flooring.The redeveloped arcade has achieved an ‘Excellent’ rating against the BREEAM UK Refurbishment and Fit Out 2014 methodology.

As a central part of the Wintringham Park 205ha Masterplan, Wintringham Primary Academy is a three-form entry school comprising a two-storey building that accommodates 708 students alongside 60 teachers and support staff.The glazed ceramic Keratwin panels from EH Smith draw inspiration from the seasonal colours found within nature and provide wayfinding and identity to the different year groups. The ceramic products offer a robust, colourful and fireproof façade and with the innovative Hytect coating the colours will stay crisp and clean as the tiles self-clean with rainfall.TESTIMONIAL"We were impressed with the support and assistance we received from EH Smith throughout all stages of the project. Their support ensured that we could deliver on our aspirations for the design and quality of this exemplar school project. The distinctive colour palette was all possible within the Keratwin 20 system and economically viable even with relatively small quantities. A huge thank you to EH Smith for their help in the successful delivery of this wonderful new school."- Philip Marsh Founding Partner, dRMM

The Lindner Group played a major role in the interior fit-out: Partition walls made of wood and glass – including Lindner Logic 100 Timber, Lindner Life Pure 620 and Lindner Life Clear – separate the rooms elegantly. A wide variety of prints turn the glass partitions into individual eye-catchers. The Lindner Free Timber wall covering ensures a harmonious appearance of the walls. The doors with wooden or glass door leaves blend in perfectly with the walls and have been fitted with Lindner Plus aluminium frames, wooden stick frames and door handles. There is also a Lindner special solution in the building: around 75 m² of Lindner Life Pure 620 was installed as rounded glazing. With a concert image printed on the glass, the partitions form an exceptional meeting room that provides enough space for creative ideas.Completed WorksPartitionsPartition Systems Full PanelLindner Logic 100 TimberPartition Systems GlassLindner Life Pure 620Lindner Life ClearWall and ceiling panelsLindner Free Timber

The VELUX Daylight Visualizer enlightens a new-build school academyA new school building project was commissioned with a clear design vision—deliver an exceptional learning facility to best serve pupils and the community.The school design is a steel-framed superblock with a compacted floorplate and accommodating spaces spread over four floors. In the main building, classrooms benefit from daylight provided through vertical glazing. Larger communal spaces such as the main hall, internal corridors, a dining room, and drama studio can be found in the heart of the building. Daylight in these communal spaces is provided through the roof.  Activity spaces such as the sports hall, a gym and library required specific daylight levels to comply with the Department for Education (DfE) output specification requirements. Deep-plan, central locations also required a calculated daylight design, prompting Pozzoni Architects to invite VELUX Commercial to collaborate on the project and assist with the evaluation of daylight provision.To read more about this case study and how understanding daylight analysis simplifies complex design goals, visit our website.

Project: Creative Centre, York St John UniversityClient: Tate+Co ArchitectsScope of project: Design and supply 24 bespoke-sized rooflights for the roof of a triple-height atrium to fit within apertures in a glulam timber grid.Products: 24 bespoke sized em.glaze rooflights, some with concealed actuator smoke ventsThe ChallengeThe roof of the striking 14m, triple-height atrium, which forms the centrepiece of the newly opened Creative Centre at York St John University, features a glulam timber roof grid. Architects Tate+Co wanted to punctuate that grid with bespoke sized rooflights to bring even more light into a space which is used as an exhibition, teaching and theatre space, as well as somewhere for students to mix and relax. The rooflights had to have a sleek, minimalist aesthetic, in line with the overall design intent of the atrium and, because almost all the services in the atrium are hidden, needed to be available with matching concealed actuator smoke vents.The SolutionWhitesales designed and supplied 24 bespoke-sized em.glaze rooflights which suited the specification perfectly. The flush-glazed glass-to-edge design of the em.glaze units with flat sealed glass units fitted within a fully welded, thermally broken aluminium frame achieved the lean, crisp look the architects were looking for. The fact that they were also available with fully concealed actuators in the smoke vents supplied by our affiliate business Sertus was an added bonus. All the rooflights were supplied for the project complete with preformed 300mm PVC splayed upstands, which enabled them to be fitted directly into the glulam grid, saving the contractors time on site. They were also fitted with specially coated glazing which allowed for a degree of solar gain and contributing to the low energy requirements of the BREEAM Excellent rated building.‍The BenefitsAs well as the meeting the design specification, Whitesales’ technical team helped to ensure that the em.glaze rooflights could be installed quickly and efficiently by the main contractors Kier Construction. We estimate that our recommendation to supply the units with preformed 300mm PVC splayed upstands saved the roofing team at least two weeks on site because they didn’t have to construct the upstands themselves and the integrated splay made waterproofing the roof a lot easier. Tate+Co Director Andy Baker-Falkner is delighted with the em.glaze units: “We liked the lean, crisp design of the Whitesales em.glaze units, particularly with the clean white reveal and option for fully concealed vent actuators.”

An exceptional Berkshire new build has been enhanced by incorporating made-to-order timber windows and doors from Lomax + Wood Limited. The main window used is the timber spring balanced sash window. A key feature for the developer was that Lomax + Wood offers a complete service from design all the way through to installation.Lomax + Wood designed, supplied and fitted their made-to-order timber spring balances sash windows which helped create the period appearance for this amazing new build project within the constituency of Windsor.Part Q compliant43 made-to-order timber Spring Sash Windows Concealed Spring4 Bifolding Doorsets3 French Doorsets1 Entrance doorConcealed SpringsRal 9010Ovolo MouldThe Lomax + Wood high-performance timber windows and doors are manufactured from engineered knot-free timber for strength, stability and durability. The factory finished paint system is spray applied and micro-porous, which allows the timber to breathe. All the frames are supplied factory finished, with all ironmongery including espagnolette locking. The timber windows and doors are double or triple glazed internally for security; all are tested independently to achieve PAS 24:2016, BS 6375 Part 1, 2 and 3.Lomax + Wood are committed to sourcing from sustainable sources; to this end, we have worked hard to achieve FSC® Chain of Custody which is deemed by many to be an environmental gold standard. This work was undertaken in partnership with BM TRADA who are also considered to be a mark of quality in our industry. FSC® Chain of Custody is not the same as a timber window and door supplier providing FSC® documents for the timber alone. The Lomax + Wood FSC® Chain of Custody ensures the timber is FSC® from the source through to installation, if Lomax + Wood site fitting is specified, which is within the scope of our certification.Lomax + Wood are able to provide a made-to-order timber window and door solution to architects, private customers, developers and builders across the UK and our website demonstrates the vary varied styles and projects that we have been involved with.Lomax + Wood can provide made-to-order timber windows and doors, including composite aluminium clad with a supply only or supply and fit option. Timber windows and doors are available with specialised double, triple or single glazing to meet performance and conservation are requirements. Contact us today to learn how we can help you with your project or so we can provide you with a quotation.

The University of Lincoln invested £19 million in the construction of the Sarah Swift Building which is home to the Schools of Health & Social Care and Psychology. Aluminium Visible Grid curtain walling, doors and windows were specified for this project, and were chosen due to their versatility and aesthetic qualities. This five-storey academic building houses a broad range of flexible learning spaces for students and staff - including new teaching areas, offices, clinical simulation facilities for the school's healthcare programmes and psychological laboratories for extensive research. Furthermore the building also includes the Professional Development Centre, a facility that provides ongoing training for professionals that require skills-based training. Visible Grid curtain walling also offers design flexibility. Available in a choice of glazing gaskets, it achieves superior load distribution and is suitable for flat or faceted facades.Technal’s aluminium doors and windows were also used throughout the building. The specified doors are ideal for high traffic applications and offer exceptional levels of security and thermal performance. The doors were also chosen as they meet the requirements of Part Q of the Building Standards, having achieved PAS 24:2016.

The Silverstone Interactive Museum is a 600m­² motorsport exhibition located at the world famous Silverstone Circuit in Northamptonshire. The £22 million building, built with a contribution from the National Lottery Heritage Fund consists of a fully refurbished WWII aircraft hangar and a new two-storey extension which serves as the entrance to the exhibition. The TECHNAL curtain walling was a key part of the design and enabled large spans of glass to the front and rear of the building. This provides contrast to the iridescent finish and rainscreen cladding. This curtain wall system enabled large panel sizes of up to 2.8m high and 2m wide without additional steelwork that would have detracted from the intended design and added to the cost. The exposed location meant that airtightness and thermal efficiency were also design considerations. Our curtain walling features a thermally broken construction and high levels of wind and weather resistance. Due to the nature of the building and location close to the circuit, the goal with the acoustic requirements was to achieve a balance of reducing the sound from the track without completely eliminating it. This was achieved with TECHNAL systems using standard double glazing without the need for acoustic glass.

As a key part of the University of Lancaster's Preston Campus, the £32 million Engineering Innovation Centre provided the university and Lancashire based manufacturers with state-of-the-art teaching and research facilities. This helps to train an extra 500 graduates, including an increasing number of female students, gaining degrees in subjects such as mechanical, energy technologies and aerospace engineering. Throughout the entire project, there were a number of technical challenges that needed to be met. These include the building's proximity to a very busy roundabout, the floor to floor heights, physical security, the expected levels of solar gain as well as design detailing requirements. Having a total glazed area of 3,100m2, the aluminium curtain wall carries over 40 different types of IG units, along with high density foam inserts utilised alongside decoupling joints in the mullion section - achieving 50 Dnfw flanking sound reduction, as well as 37 dB sound reduction for noise outside the building. In addition to achieving high levels of thermal insulation, being fabricated from aluminium, the curtain walling frame elements can be recycled, helping to achieve the BREEAM rating of Excellent.

Situated in a peaceful borough of the busy Capital of London, Cox architects designed an accessible house swimming in style. They were able to meet necessary needs for the family whilst holding on to aesthetic features that add a stunning look to the property. A open and spacious interior was a must for this property, as were sliding pocket doors, hoists and a wheelchair lift. Essential materials were used to make this house accessible for the couples youngest daughter, who was diagnosed with a rare genetic illness at 18 months old.  The decision to extend the property was decided very early on with the potential of a large extension. The couple was able to add nearly 70sqm to the ground floor alone, helping to give the family more independent freedom and space. Accessible elements were incorporated in to an everyday home such as ECLISSE pocket door systems and ECLISSE hoist pocket door systems to create an environment that wasn't consumed by accessibility needs. LOCATION: London Borough of Lambeth, SW17STATUS: Completed 2019BUILT: Elson Construction & Co. LtdENGINEER: Steve NicolaouARCHITECT: Cox ArchitectsSPECIALIST GLAZING: Vision Design Projects LtdPHOTOGRAPHER: Matt Clayton PhotographySHOOT STYLIST: Camilla Hegarty

A recent worktop installation by GEC Anderson reflects the strong design intent of a spacious London kitchen. Featuring prominent yellow cabinets that sit below the made to measure stainless steel worktops, the kitchen also has bare plaster walls and brightly glazed floor tiles.Thin worktop edge profiles add to the dramatic look as does the ‘Patina’ surface finish of the worktops that was chosen to match the [stainless steel] window system. Matching window sils, splashbacks and planter area were also included in this highly individualistic design creation.As with most renovations, walls and angles were irregular. GEC Anderson were instructed to template and install their worktops which fitted perfectly.Founded in England in 1962, GEC Anderson has pioneered the development of made-to-measure stainless steel products. Today, the company’s range also includes standard and modular stainless steel options. Products include sinks, worktops, cabinets, shelving, splashbacks, doors and sanitaryware for use in domestic, commercial and specialist environments. All products are manufactured to ISO 9001 and backed by a comprehensive support service from planning and product specification to installation and maintenance.

Orbis OS200 Vertical Bar Infill Side FixOrbis OS211 Glass Infill Top FixProviding more than 120,000 sq ft, of innovation space for high growth enterprises, this project is situated within Imperial College London’s White City campus. Built by a market leader with specialist expertise in modular buildings, this project demanded a high level of innovation, and a balustrade supplier that delivered on cost, quality, and timescales. The main reception area is dominated by a large feature stair providing access to all floors, and the Orbis balustrades with glass infill achieve a stunning first impression and allow maximum light through the space from the vast glazed roof lights above. Throughout the three core stairs, which are used for general circulation and escape routes, the vertical bar infill panels within the Orbis balustrade was used. This robust modular panel solution is pre-manufactured to speed up installation on site, which was extremely important to the main contractor. Individual stair cores were not closed for extended periods of time, which means greater productivity, less management time, and reduced risk for the main contractor.

This multiple RIBA Award-winning spectacular home by Loyn & Co Architects is located on a sloping hill with spectacular views of the Wye Valley. With glass-fronted living spaces and light wells on the uphill side of the house, the architect wanted shading that didn't interfere with the overall design. Therefore, blind housings were custom finished to match the glazing structure in floor-to-ceiling windows and skylights. For the windows, fully automated roller blinds were specified to ensure protection from glare and solar heat gain, while allowing daytime visibility. This was accomplished using high-performance Blenheim 5% screen material.Throughout the house, the artists own art and furniture give this concrete house a very luxurious feel. Below, a single 13m long motorised skylight blind provides both light control and protects artwork from UV fading. At the rear of the house, purpose-designed studios use large lightwells with electric blinds to control the light and keep the environment comfortable.  To provide privacy, bottom-up cord-tensioned Honeycell Duette® blinds were installed in bathrooms with all hardware matching doors and windows.

Described as Dorchester’s most iconic building, the Brewery – once the source of the much-quaffed Eldridge Pope ales – has been transformed into a high-end residential setting with Crittall windows playing a central role in retaining the heritage aesthetic of this historic structure.For nearly a century and a half the building, with its tall chimney, towered above the Dorset town as a symbol of local industry and prosperity. Designed by architect WR Crickmay, the brick building was completed in 1880.  At a staggering 13% the brewery’s Thomas Hardy Ale once featured in the Guinness Book of Records as the strongest commercially brewed beer in the country.The brewery eventually closed in 2003 and the site remained unused until, in 2007, planning permission was granted for a new public square overlooked by the impressive building, restored to its former glory containing 29 one, two and three-bedroom apartments.LMA Architecture of Bournemouth has retained many of the unique features of the original building including riveted steel beams, cast iron columns and exposed brickwork.Crittall W20 steel windows and doors were a natural choice, glazed in small panes to replicate the original configuration of the tall brewery windows.

Five domed design... CHALLENGE The idea of the architect was to design a building with 5 parabolic roof surfaces or domes. The unique five domed design comprises of pods finished in a range of different materials, each contributing to the development’s remit to blend into the park landscape. The biggest issue for the architect was how to connect these different materials to become a complete watertight building. SOLUTION Each dome is waterproofed using a RENOLIT ALKORPLAN system and whilst the complex is thought to be the UK’s largest timber-built geodesic project, it also demonstrates possibly the most innovative use of single ply membrane ever seen in the UK. By using the RENOLIT ALKORPLAN membrane as the main layer to waterproof the five domes an easy joint could be made by means of hot air. On one dome our RENOLIT ALKORPLAN A membrane was used in combination with PVC profiles providing geometric aesthetic detailing. On another dome a RENOLIT ALKORPLAN L membrane was used under a green roof system. On the other domes the RENOLIT ALKORPLAN F membrane was used in combination with our RENOLIT ALKORSOLAR fixing system supporting respectively glazed aluminium sheeting and cedar shingle tiles.