EDF Case Study showing how to protect a nuclear plant using passive (self-operating / buouyant) flood barriers as opposed to manually-operated flood gates

Fukishima taught us that protection of critical infrastructure should take account of a combination of events such as earthquake followed by flood. It also taught us that reliance on human operations would introduce unnecessary vulnerabilities. EDF's protection of its nuclear reactor sites in France set the global benchmark for flood protection. It set out that passive flood protection barriers would overcome the failure risks associated with flood gates, demountable flood barriers or other removable flood barriers. This represents the highest standard of flood protection available without a complete permanent structure such as a continuous flood wall/levee/embankment.